Prematurity

2-5 years
  • Increased attention problems, reported ADHD symptoms, and positive screens for autism spectrum disorder
  • Poor social and socioemotional competence
Johnson, S., Marlow, N. (2016). Early and long-term outcome of infants bornextremely premature. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 102, 97-102.
5-9 years
  • Decreased total language, receptive & expressive language, phonological awareness, grammar
Zimmerman, E. (2018). Do infants born very premature and who have very low birth weight catch up with their full term peers in their language abilities by early school age?. Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 61 (1), 53-65.
11-12 years
  • Deficits in short term memory, processing speed, visual-perceptual skills, sensorimotor integration, peer interactions
Johnson, S., Marlow, N. (2016). Early and long-term outcome of infants bornextremely premature. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 102, 97-102.

Ritchie, K., Bora, S., Woodward, L. (2018). Peer Relationship Outcomes of School-Age Children Born Very Preterm. Journal of Pediatrics, doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.05.034.

Adulthood
  • Poor IQ test scores and executive functions
  • Increased intellectual disabilities, ASD, ADHD, Mood Disorders
Johnson, S., Marlow, N. (2016). Early and long-term outcome of infants bornextremely premature. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 102, 97-102.

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome

2 years
  • Lower scores in cognition, language, and motor development
Merhar, S., McAllister, J., Wedig-Stevie, K., Klein, A., Meinzen-Derr, J., Poindexter, B. (2018). Retrospective review of neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants treated for neonatal abstinence syndrome. Journal of Perinatology, 38, 587-592.
Birth-5 years
  • Increased risk of hospital readmission
Witt, C., Rudd, K., Bhatraju, P., Rivara, F., Hawes, S., Weiss, N. (2017). Neonatal abstinence syndrome and early childhood mobility and mortality in Washington state: a retrospective cohort study. Journal of Perinatology, 37, 1124-1129.
3-8 years
  • More likely to be referred for disability evaluations, to meet criteria for disability, and require classroom therapies
Fill, M., Miller, A., Wilkinson, R., Warren, M., Dunn, J., Schaffner, W., Jones, T. (2018). Educational disabilities among children born with neonatal abstinence syndrome. Pediatrics, 142 (3), DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-0562
8-9 years
  • Lower national test scores of reading, writing, numeracy, spelling, grammar/punctuation
Oei J,, Melhuish E., Uebel H,, Azzam, N., Green, C., Burns, L., Hilder, L., Bajuk, B., Abdel-Latif, M., Ward, M., Feller, J., Falconer, J., Clews, S., Eastwood, J., Li, A., Wright, I. (2017) Neonatal abstinence syndrome and high school performance. Pediatrics, 139 (2), e20162651.
12-13 years
  • National test scores lower than 10-12 year old controls
Oei J,, Melhuish E., Uebel H,, Azzam, N., Green, C., Burns, L., Hilder, L., Bajuk, B., Abdel-Latif, M., Ward, M., Feller, J., Falconer, J., Clews, S., Eastwood, J., Li, A., Wright, I. (2017) Neonatal abstinence syndrome and high school performance. Pediatrics, 139 (2), e20162651.

Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy

2 years
  • Overall gross motor delay, fine motor delay, and social delay
Adhikari, S., Rao, K. (2017). Neurodevelopmental outcome of term infants with perinatal asphyxia with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy stage II. Brain and Development, 39 (2), 107-111.
9-10 years
  • Smaller hippocampal volumes and poorer long-term visuospatial memory in moderate HIE
Annink, K., de Vries, L., Groenendaal, F., van den Heuvel, M., van Haren, N., Swaab, H., van Handel, M., Jongmans, M., Benders, M., van der A, N. (2019). The long-term effect of perinatal asphyxia on hippocampal volumes. Pediatric Research, 85, 43-39.